What do you mean by entropy? Find the efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 227°C and 27°C.

A simple harmonic motion is represented by the equation y = 10 sin(10t – π/6). Where y is measured in meters, t in seconds, and the phase in radians. Calculate

i) the frequency,

ii) the time period,

iii) the maximum acceleration,

iv) the maximum displacement,

v) the maximum velocity, and

vi) displacement, velocity, and acceleration at time t = 0 and t = 1 second.

Define mean free path. Differentiate between pyrometer and thermo-electric thermometer.

Lissajous' figures

Define heat. Write down the postulates of the kinetic theory of gases.

The density of hydrogen at NTP is 0.000089 g/cc. Find the RMS velocity of N₂ and O₂ molecules.

Define temperature and heat. Derive an expression for the mean kinetic energy of a gas molecule using the kinetic theory of gases.

Define single crystal and polycrystalline solids. Distinguish between amorphous and crystalline solids.

What are free and forced vibrations? Explain the effect of damping on harmonic oscillations.

What are coherent sources? Derive the condition for bright and dark fringes in Young's double-slit experiment.

Define entropy. Show that entropy remains constant in a reversible process but increases in an irreversible process.

What is X-ray Diffraction? Write down some applications of X-ray Diffraction.

What is simple Harmonic motion? Write down the characteristics of simple harmonic motion. Explain the nature of L-T² curve.

What is Brewster's law? Derive the Formula for Brewster angle.

Write down Maxwell's four thermodynamics relations. Use one of these to obtain Clausius- Clapeyron's latent heat equation.

Define unit cell. Prove that the interplanar spacing d of a plane (h, k, 1) in a simple cubic lattice is given by-

Write short notes on i) Phase velocity ii) Wave velocity

What is optical activity? Differentiate between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction.

Derive Bragg's law for x-ray diffraction. Write down its application.

Show that in simple harmonic motion conservation principle of energy is observed.

What is interference? What are the conditions for constructive and destructive interference?

Derive an expression for the pressure of an ideal gas and show that:

Where symbols have their usual meanings.

A carnot's engine absorbs 10⁴ calories of heat from a reservoir at 627° C and rejects heat to a sink at 27º C. What is its efficiency? How much work does it perform? [J = 4.2 J/Calorie]

Draw the NaCl crystal structure and determine the total number of Na⁺ and Cl- ions per unit cell.

A simple pendulum of length 80 cm makes 120 swings in 160 s on a distant planet. Find the acceleration due to gravity on this planet.

In Young's double-slit experiment, the slit separation is 1 mm, and the screen is 1.5 m away. If the light wavelength is 600 nm, determine the fringe width.

Explain the following: Seebeck effect, Brownian motion, and Pyrometer.

Distinction among conductor, semiconductor and insulator based on band theory

Derive the differential equation of simple harmonic motion.

Write down short notes on i) Nicol prism and ii) Newton's ring