1. Electromagnetic Radiation: The Nature Of Electromagnetic Radiation, Emission And Absorption Spectra, Spectrometers, Basic Components Of Dispersive Spectrometers, Modulation Technique: Transmittance And Absorbance, Beer-Lambert Law, Molar Absorption Cross Section, Representation Of Spectra; Spectral Peaks, Intensities, Width And Resolution; Signal To Noise Ratio And Signal Averaging, Fourier Transform Technique And Its Advantages.
2. Rotational Spectroscopy: Rotation Of Molecules And Their Classification. Interaction Of Rotating Molecules With Radiation. Microwave Spectrometer. Rotational Energies Of Linear Rotors. Distribution Of Molecules And Rotational Spectra. Centrifugal Distortion. Effect Of Isotopic Substitution. Stark Effect And Its Use In Microwave Spectrometers. Determination Of Molecular Geometry From Microwave Spectra.
3. Infrared Spectroscopy: Vibration In Molecules; Normal Modes, Harmonic And Anharmonic. Potential-Energy Diagrams. Morse Equation, Vibrational Energy, Dissociation Energy Of Diatomic Molecules, Population Of Vibrational Levels. Transition Probabilities. Fundamental, Overtone And Hot Band Transitions. Combination And Difference Bands, Fermi Resonance Vibration-Rotation Spectra Of Gaseous Molecules. P, Q, And R Branches, Infrared Spectra Of Polyatomic Molecules. Characteristic Group Vibrations And Skeletal Vibrations, Shifts In Group Frequencies, Techniques: Radiation Sources, Optics, Monochromators, Sample Holders, Detectors For Infrared Spectrometers. Handling Of Samples: Gaseous, Liquid And Solid Samples. Principle Of FTIR Spectrometer And Its Advantages.
4. Raman Spectroscopy: Raman Effect, Classical Theory Of Raman Scattering, Criterion Of Raman Activity, Raman Spectrometers; Use Of Laser In Raman Spectroscopy, Vibrational And Rotational Raman Spectra, Use Of Polarized Light, Applications Of Raman Spectroscopy.
5. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy: Electronic States Of Molecules. Spectra Of Simple Gaseous Diatomic Species And Their Vibrational Coarse Structure. Franck-Condon Principle And Intensities Of Spectral Lines. Dissociation Energy, Pre-Dissociation Spectra Of Species In Condensed Phase Various Electronic Transitions In Organic And Inorganic Species. Width Of Electronic Bands, Effect Of Solvent On Band Width And Band Position, Chromophores, Bathochromic And Hypochromic Shifts. Auxochromes.
6. NMR Spectroscopy: Nuclear Spin Resonance. Larmor/Precessional Frequency. Effect Of Magnetic Field On The Energies Of Spinning Nuclei, Electron Density At The Nucleus, The Chemical Shift, & And R-Scale For Chemical Shift, Factors Affecting The Chemical Shift, The Coupling Of Nuclear Spins, The Coupling Constant; Exchange Phenomenon, NMR Spectrum Of Simple Compounds. The NMR Spectrometer
7. ESR Spectroscopy: Effect Of Magnetic Field On The Energies Of Spinning Electrons, Larmor Processional, G-Factor, Hyperfine Splitting, Determination Of Electron Density From ESR Spectroscopic Studies The ESR Spectrometer.