What is protocol needed? For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh, ring, bus, and star topology?

If the data link layer can detect errors between hops, why do you think we need another checking mechanism at the transport layer?

List the responsibilities of Transport Layer and Network Layer in the Internet Model.

How does information get passed from one layer to the next in the Internet model?

What is subnetting? An organization is granted the block 211.17.180.0/24. The administrator wants to create 32 subnets. i) Find the subnet mask ii) Find the number of addresses in each subnet iii) Find the first and last addresses in subnet 1 iv) Find the first and last addresses in subnet 32

What is NAT? How can NAT help in address depletion? Explain with necessary diagram.