An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 190.100.0.0/16 (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as follows:

i) The first group has 64 customers; each need 256 addresses.
ii) The second group has 128 customers; each need 128 addresses.
iii) The third group has 128 customers; each need 64 addresses.

Design the subblocks and find out how many addresses are still available after these allocations.

Find errors, if any, in the following IPv4 address.
i) 111.56.045.78    ii) 110101.23.14.69    iii) 75.35.325.12    (iv) EF6.23.00011.6
 

In an IPv4 datagram, the value of total-length field is (00A0)16 and the value of the header-length (HLEN) is (5)16. How many bytes of payload are being carried by the datagram? What is the efficiency (ratio of the payload length to the total length) of this datagram?

What is NAT? How can NAT help in address depletion? Explain with necessary diagram.

Draw the IPv4 datagram format. What do you know about circuit switching and packet switching.

Switch is a 'self-learning' device. What does it learn when time progress? How does it learn?