What are the three criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network? Draw a hybrid topology with a ring backbone and three bus networks.

In Fig. 1, computer A sends a message to computer D via LAN 1, router RI, and LAN 2. Show the contents of the packets and frames at the network and data link layer for each hop interface.

In Fig. 1, assume that the communication is between a process running at computer A with port 3 address m and a process running at computer D with port address n. Show the contents of packets and frames at the network, data link, and transport layer for each hop.

What are the responsibilities of the network and transport layer in the Internet model?

If the data link layer can detect errors between hops, why do you think we need another checking mechanism at the transport layer?

 What is the difference between a port address, a logical address, and a physical address?